Microbial agents against Helicoverpa armigera: Where are we and where do we need to go?
نویسندگان
چکیده
Plants are prone to various biotic stresses in nature by bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, harmful insects and weeds. The biggest percentage loss (70%) in plants is attributed to insects. Lepidoptera is one such diversified phytophagous insect group, which include Helicoverpa armigera, a key pest of many food crops including chickpea, pigeonpea, pea, lentil, chillies, sunflower, tomato, tobacco and cotton. Controlling this insect has been a big task for farmers leading to the manufacture of a plethora of pesticides. However, over reliance on chemical pesticides has resulted in problems including safety risks, environmental contamination, outbreaks of secondary pests, insecticide resistance and decrease in biodiversity. Hence, there is an urgent need for the development of eco-friendly methods such as entomopathogens, antagonist or competitor populations of a third organism and botanicals to suppress H. armigera. Also, many compounds from microorganisms have been found to be effective in crop production, and these have a role in controlling H. armigera. The actinomycetes play an astounding role in controlling the key plant pathogens. They are the representative genera of higher microbial mass in the soil. Numerous studies have shown that these productive actino-bacteria can generate an impressive array of secondary metabolites such as antibiotics, antitumor agents, insecticides etc. This review emphasizes the mechanism behind resistance to insecticides along with actinomycetes and its potential as a biocontrol agent against H. armigera.
منابع مشابه
Battle in the New World: Helicoverpa armigera versus Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
The corn earworm Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) and the old world bollworm Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) are allopatric species and occur in important agricultural crops. In maize, both species tend to infest the ear. The introduction of H. armigera in Brazil has created a new scenario, where these Helicoverpa species might cohabit and interact with one another, affecting the...
متن کاملin silico identification of cross affinity towards Cry1Ac pesticidal protein with receptor enzyme in Bos taurus and sequence, structure analysis of crystal proteins for stability
Any novel protein introduced into the GM crops need to be evaluated for cross affinity on living organisms. Many researchers are currently focusing on the impact of Bacillus thuringiensis cotton on soil and microbial diversity by field experiments. In spite of this, in silico approach might be helpful to elucidate the impact of cry genes. The crystal a protein which was produced by Bt at the ti...
متن کاملEfficacy of Venom from Tentacle of Jellyfish Stomolophus meleagris (Nemopilema nomurai) against the Cotton Bollworm Helicoverpa armigera
Efficacy of venom from tentacle of jellyfish Stomolophus meleagris against the cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera was determined. Venom from tentacle of jellyfish Stomolophus meleagris could inhibit the growth of Helicoverpa armigera and the weight inhibiting rate of sample NFr-2 was 60.53%. Of the six samples, only NFr-2 had high insecticidal activity against Helicoverpa armigera and the cor...
متن کاملA review of agent-based modeling (ABM) concepts and some of its main applications in management science
We live in a very complex world where we face complex phenomena such as social norms and new technologies. To deal with such phenomena, social scientists often use reductionism approach where they reduce them to some lower-lever variables and model the relationships among them through a scheme of equations. This approach that is called equation based modeling (EBM) has some basic weaknesses in ...
متن کامل